Eventually, poor results and a Vatican Decree banning animal-to-human transfusions stagnated progress in this field. Human-to-human transfusions happened during this time, but with little to no success. He chose injection because drinking water and rectal delivery of saline solution both proved ineffective.
He recorded several successful treatments, which were the target of the usual controversy that comes with new medical techniques. It was generally seen as a revolutionary treatment, but after the cholera outbreak subsided, was not widely used 2. In , Dr. James Blundell used blood transfusions on postpartum haemorrhages.
He was the first to document the relationship between the speed of infusion and success. To this end, he created a medical device that regulated the speed of flow 1. In the early s, IV infusions were kept in an open container covered with gauze to prevent contamination. This was effective, but not fool-proof. In the s, a glass, vacuum-sealed bottle was used. In the 50s, when intravenous therapy started to be widely used, the old glass system was becoming too expensive, and the burden often fell on the patients to pay higher fees.
Subsequent transfusions produced the first documented adverse event, and the later adoption of dubious transfusion practices and the resulting deaths led French parliament to ban animal-to-human transfusions in With no such ban in England at the time, Lower also performed an animal-to-human transfusion.
No transfusion reactions were noted, and Lower set forth to solve the technicalities of the now-proven principle. He designed new devices for controlling blood flow and for transfusions.
Out of fear of adverse reactions, blood transfusions were prohibited by the English Parliament in and the Vatican in Advancements in IV therapy stalled for more than years. Philip Syng Physick, later known as the Father of Modern Surgery, became the first to suggest human-to-human transfusions.
Shortly after his proposal, Dr. James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performed a series of human blood transfusions in for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
From to , Blundell performed ten transfusions, five of which were beneficial. He also invented several revolutionary instruments for performing IV transfusions. The cholera outbreaks throughout Europe in the late 19 th century propelled the evolution of IV therapy forward. Using a syringe and silver tube, he successfully revived 8 of the 25 patients he treated with intravenous saline. In the mids, we saw the development of needles and syringes.
Source: Wellcome Collection. Click for source. Infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae is no simple intestinal tussle with a diarrheal bug. The cholera toxin invokes a profound amount of fluid release from the gut, with some patients producing a liter of watery stool per hour and dying within hours of infection due to dehydration and hypovolemic shock.
In , a devastating strain of cholera blossomed along the Ganges River delta in India and spread rapidly overland into China, Iran, and Russia before being transported along the Ural Mountain trade routes into Europe. In the British Isles, home to cargo ships returning from hotspots such as the Baltic and Southeast Asia, over 23, people perished of the new disease. European ships carried the disease across the Atlantic, where it burned across Canada and the United States, reaching the Pacific Coast as early as two years after the first documented outbreaks in India.
IV therapy is excluded. Image: Robert Cruikshank. Key to his work was his observation that large amounts of water, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate had been leeched from the blood and lost in the stool.
He published his findings in The Lancet and proposed a radically simple solution — replenish exactly what was lost from the gut directly into the veins.
The indications of cure … are two in number — viz. Less than two months after The Lancet publication, Latta performed the first therapeutic intravenous resuscitation in May of with infusions of a homemade solution, a watery hypotonic mix of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Having inserted a tube into the basilic vein, cautiously, anxiously, I watched the effect; ounce after ounce was injected, but no visible change was produced.
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